PHENYLTRIETHOXYSILANE

The cross-coupling reaction is a highly useful methodology for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. It involves two reagents, with one typically being a suitable organometallic reagent - the nucleophile - and the other a suitable organic substrate, normally an unsaturated halide, tosylate or similar - the electrophile.

Aliphatic, fluorinated aliphatic or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon substituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce surface hydrophobicity. The organic substitution of the silane must be non-polar. The hydrophobic effect of the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydrocarbon phase. A successful hydrophobic coating must eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the coating interface associated with entrapped water. Since ions are not transported through non-polar silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to composite structures ranging from pigmented coatings to rebar reinforced concrete. A selection guide for hydrophobic silanes can be found on pages 22-31 of the Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification brochure.

Viscosity, 25 °C: 1.7 cSt

Dipole moment: 1.85 debye

Surface tension: 28 mN/m

Dielectric constant: 4.12

Vapor pressure, 75 °C: 1 mm

Coefficient of thermal expansion: 0.9 x 10^-3

Improves photoresist adhesion to silicon nitride

Electron donor component of polyolefin polymerization catalyst complexes

Effective treatment for organic-grafted clays

Phenylates allyl benzoates

Cross-couples with aryl bromides without amine or phosphineligands

Phenylates allyl acetates

β-phenylates enones under aqueous base conditions

Extensive review of silicon based cross-coupling agents: Denmark, S. E. et al. "Organic Reactions, Volume 75"Denmark, S. E. ed., John Wiley and Sons, 233, 2011